Chapter 12 – Fire Prevention and Protection

Contents

Approved by Mike Torkelson
Revised 12/23

12.1 Policy
12.2 Scope
12.3 Applicability
12.4 Exceptions
12.5 Roles & Responsibilities
12.6 Definitions
12.7 Required Work Processes

• Work Process A. Fire Hazard Assessment/Fire Protection Assessment
• Work Process B. Equivalencies and Exemptions
• Work Process C. Use of Fire Protection Equipment
• Work Process D. Impairments to Fire Protection Equipment
• Work Process E. Building Emergency Plan
• Work Process F. Hot Work Permits
• Work Process G. Use of Combustible Materials
• Work Process H. Use of Hazardous Materials
• Work Process I. Use of Portable Heating Devices
• Work Process J. Use of Mechanical Equipment & Fan Rooms
• Work Process K. Construction/Renovation
• Work Process L. Use of Emergency Lighting
• Work Process M. Use of Exit Signs
• Work Process N. Egress Path Markings
• Work Process O. Exit Corridors
• Work Process P. Use of Lockers & Cabinets
• Work Process Q. Use of Seasonal Decorations
• Work Process R. Fire Protection Staff Development and Training
• Work Process S. Smoking

12.8 Source Requirements
12.9 Related ES&H Manual Chapters
12.10 References
12.11 Useful Links
12.12 Appendices

• Appendix A. Maximum Sizes of Containers for Combustible and Flammable Liquids
• Appendix B. Maximum Allowable Quantities — Indoor Storage of Physical Hazard Chemicals
• Appendix C. Maximum Allowable Quantities — Indoor Storage of Health Hazard Chemicals
• Appendix D. FHA/FPA Checklist
• Appendix E. Examples of Incompatible Chemicals

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12.1 Policy

The Fire Prevention and Protection program (FPP) requires adherence to and compliance with all applicable laws, orders, regulations, codes, standards, guides, policies, and good practices pertaining to fire prevention and protection. General fire prevention requirements, including fire-and-life safety systems; testing and maintenance; and roles and responsibilities are provided by this program.

12.2 Scope

The Fire Prevention and Protection program ensures that Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) employees, visitors, and the surrounding public are not harmed by fire, explosion, or other hazards. Property damage from fire must be held to a minimum, as must the impact of fire and related hazards to the Berkeley Lab mission and programs.

The scope of this program is to provide basic Fire Prevention and Fire Protection guidance to all Berkeley Lab employees, affiliates, and subcontractors. Where more detailed information is needed than provided here, consult with the Security and Emergency Services Division and the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Division at Berkeley Lab.

12.3 Applicability

The Fire Prevention and Protection program applies to all employees, affiliates, and contractors.

12.4 Exceptions

None

12.5 Roles & Responsibilities

Role	Responsibility
Laboratory Director	Establishes a Berkeley Lab Fire Prevention and Protection program that is consistent with applicable codes, regulations, and DOE orders Provides and maintains the necessary fire protection program/services to maintain an adequate level of fire-and-life safety as well as property protection
Security and Emergency Services Division	Develops and administers the Laboratory’s Fire Prevention and Protection program at the direction of the Laboratory Director Establishes and documents the requirements that will provide an acceptable degree of life safety to protect Laboratory personnel and the public from fires at the Berkeley Lab main site or any off-site facility Serves as the liaison to external fire-and-life safety agencies Provides technical expertise to achieve the fire protection goals and meet the life-safety requirements as set forth by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Provides and maintains the necessary staff and resources to ensure the implementation of the Fire Prevention and Protection program
Fire Marshal	Serves as the responsible party for the overall Fire Prevention and Protection program Enforces, interprets, applies, and implements the Berkeley Lab Fire Prevention and Protection program Has the authority to suspend unsafe operations or activities Ensures Laboratory-wide compliance with fire prevention and protection requirements Works with EHS staff to identify and resolve code conflicts, inspection issues, lab design and maintenance, or other issues in common for the continuity of science and research Delegates the responsibility and authority for enforcement of the Berkeley Lab Fire Prevention and Protection  to members of the Berkeley Lab Fire Marshal’s Office Is the prime point of contact, and coordinates with the DOE-Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) in the enforcement and application of the Berkeley Lab Fire Prevention and Protection program. The DOE Berkeley Site Office (BSO) retains final authority to grant equivalencies, exemptions, or variances.
Deputy Fire Marshal	Is responsible for the daily coordination and support of Fire Inspectors and Fire Protection Engineers in inspections, commissioning fire-and-life safety systems, code compliance, and plan review. Serves in place of the Fire Marshal as appropriate.
Fire Protection Engineer (FPE)	Reviews Projects and Infrastructure Modernization Division and Facilities Division projects to ensure Berkeley Lab’s compliance with fire-and-life safety requirements. Provides guidance for fire safety in the design of, and the processes and equipment used in, experiments and research projects. Equivalencies may be granted under the guidance of the Fire Marshal and the approval of the DOE Fire Protection Engineer. This is covered in detail in Work Process B, Equivalencies and Exemptions. Reviews plans and specifications for fire protection systems, including but not limited to: fire sprinkler systems, fire alarm systems, fixed suppression systems, underground fire protection water distribution systems, and other life-safety systems as necessary Conducts fire prevention and fire protection analyses, and makes recommendations based on findings Reviews all Work Planning and Control (WPC) Risk Level 3 activities involving flammable liquids, gases, and pyrophoric agents. Reviews other WPC activities as requested by EHS. Oversees the inspection, testing, and maintenance of automatic fire protection and alarm systems, emergency lighting, and fire-rated assemblies Manages the inspection, testing, and maintenance program for fire-extinguisher and fixed fire-suppression systems Supports the Fire Marshal in ensuring Laboratory-wide compliance with the Fire Prevention and Protection program and policy
Fire Inspector	Conducts facility assessments and fire hazard analyses under the direction of a Fire Protection Engineer, and makes recommendations based on findings.  Conducts inspections of new construction to verify compliance with approved designs. Supports the Fire Marshal in ensuring Laboratory-wide compliance with the Fire Prevention and Protection Program and policy.
Fire Department	Prevents, controls, and suppresses fires Provides emergency response services to protect people and property from fires, explosions, and other hazardous events Investigates the causes, origins, and circumstances of fires and explosions Responds to all calls received by the contract Fire Alarm Supervising Station and Dispatch Center Provides first-response rescue and transportation services in medical emergencies Inspects fire extinguishers
Facilities Division Management	Ensures compliance with all fire-safety, inspection, and protection requirements for planning, designing, constructing, and installing buildings, structures, systems, and utilities Ensures that all architectural and engineering projects are reviewed by the appropriate EHS Division authorities and the Fire Marshal Responsible for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of the water supply, fire alarms, and fixed fire-extinguishing systems
Supervisors	Cooperate with the Fire Marshal’s Office and subject matter experts (SME) by tracking through WPC to identify when changes in operation increase the risk of fire or related perils Ensure their employees receive appropriate fire-safety training to work safely and protect Berkeley Lab assets
Employees	Complete all requisite training before working without supervision Conduct operations with minimum risk of fire Report fires, smoke, and potential fire hazards via pulling a fire alarm device or pull station and calling 911. This will result in the dispatch and response of fire and emergency medical services.
Environment/Health/Safety (EHS) Division	Provides the chemical inventory system and tools to enable the divisions and the Fire Marshal to effectively manage hazardous materials inventories and track compliance with fire-control area limits.

12.6 Definitions

Term	Definitions
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)	An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, installation, or a procedure
Clean Agent	Electrically non-conducting gaseous fire-extinguishing agent that does not leave a residue upon evaporation.
Combustible	Any materials that will ignite and sustain combustion, including wood, paper, cardboard, vegetation, flammable/combustible liquids, flammable gases, etc.
Combustible Liquid	Any liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C). Class II Combustible Liquids include those with flash points at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Examples include acetic acid and kerosene. Class III Combustible Liquids include those with flash points at or above 140°F (60°C). Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses: Class IIIA liquids include those with flash points at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93.3°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the total volume of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. Examples include butyric acid and phenol. Class IIIB liquids include those with flash points at or above 200°F (93.3°C). OSHA regulations do not include Class IIIB liquids. Examples include many hydraulic fluids, cutting oils, and motor oil.
EHS	Environment/Health/Safety Division
ETL	Electrical Testing Laboratories
Equivalency	An alternative means of providing a degree of safety equal to or greater than that afforded by strict conformance to prescribed codes and standards
Exemption	The process mandated by DOE for approval to not comply with DOE Order 420.1C or with established national and state codes and standards at DOE-funded facilities
Fire Barrier	A fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained
Fire Door Assembly	A combination of a fire door, a frame, hardware, and other accessories installed in a vertical plane, which together provide a specific degree of fire protection to a through-opening in a fire-resistance-rated floor
Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA)	A formal documented review conducted by DOE or contractors in accordance with DOE requirements that examine the essential fire protection elements as they relate to a specific facility or an overall fire protection program  For applicable buildings, these analyses are conducted either annually or triennially.
Fire Protection Assessment (FPA)	A comprehensive assessment of a facility’s fire risk to verify whether fire-safety objectives have been met. Conducted either annually or triennially for all Lab buildings.
Flammable Aerosol	A chemical that falls into one of the following categories: A Flammable Aerosol is an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45 Method for Determining Extremely Flammable and Flammable Contents of Self-Pressurized Containers, yields a flame projection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree to valve opening. A Flammable Gas is a material that: Is a gas at 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa of pressure; or Has a boiling point of 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa); or Is ignitable at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume with air; or Has a flammable range at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) with air of at least 12%, regardless of the lower limit. The limits specified shall be determined at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) of pressure and a temperature of 68°F (20°C) in accordance with ASTM E681. A Flammable Solid is a solid other than a blasting agent or explosive (as defined in 29 CFR 1910.109(a) Explosives and Blasting Agents) that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption or moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or that can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical is considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44 Method for Determining Extremely Flammable and Flammable Solids, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis. (Ref: Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan).
Flammable Liquid	Any liquid having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher, the total of which makes up more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are divided into three classes as follows: Class IA includes liquids having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C). Examples include ethyl ether, pentane, methyl ethyl ether Class IB includes liquids having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point at or above 100°F (37.8°C). Examples include acetone, gasoline, toluene Class IC includes liquids having flash points at or above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37.8°C). Examples include dibutyl ether, turpentine, isopropanol
Hot Work	Work involving burning, welding, cutting, grinding, brazing, or a similar operation that is capable of generating sparks, flames, or capable of initiating fires or explosions
NFPA	National Fire Protection Association
NRTL	Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
UL	Underwriters Laboratories
WPC	Work Planning & Control

12.7 Required Work Processes

Work Process A. Fire Hazard Assessment/Fire Protection Assessment
Work Process B. Equivalencies and Exemptions
Work Process C. Use of Fire Protection Equipment
Work Process D. Impairments to Fire Protection Equipment
Work Process E. Building Emergency Plan
Work Process F. Hot Work Permits
Work Process G. Use of Combustible Materials
Work Process H. Use of Hazardous Materials
Work Process I. Use of Portable Heating Devices
Work Process J. Use of Mechanical Equipment & Fan Rooms
Work Process K. Construction/Renovation
Work Process L. Use of Emergency Lighting
Work Process M. Use of Exit Signs
Work Process N. Egress Path Markings
Work Process O. Exit Corridors
Work Process P. Use of Lockers & Cabinets
Work Process Q. Use of Seasonal Decorations
Work Process R. Fire Protection Staff Development and Training
Work Process S. Smoking

Work Process A. Fire Hazard Analysis/Fire Protection Assessment

At Berkeley Lab, Fire Hazard Analyses (FHAs) and Fire Protection Assessments (FPAs) are performed at regular intervals for all occupied buildings. They are performed by Security and Emergency Services staff who use nationally recognized Codes and Standards as well as Berkeley Lab internal policies to assess the code-compliance and life-safety status of Laboratory buildings. When items are determined to be out of compliance with an associated Code, Standard, or policy, a “Finding” is created that not only details the issue but also the solution.

Findings are categorized and prioritized in accordance with the methodology described in the Berkeley Lab Standard Operating Guide, FPA and FHA Administrative Procedures, latest revision.

Both FHAs and FPAs must be reviewed and signed by a licensed FPE.

Fire Hazard Analysis

The purpose of an FHA is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the risk from fire in a facility to verify that fire-safety objectives are met. The requirements for FHAs are mandated within DOE Order 420.1C with the specific requirements listed in DOE Standard 1066-2012, Fire Protection.

Per DOE Order 420.1C, FHAs, using a graded approach, must be conducted for the following cases: (1) all hazard category 1, 2, and 3 nuclear facilities and major modifications thereto; (2) facilities that represent unique fire safety risks; (3) new facilities or modifications to existing facilities with value greater than $150 million; and (4) when directed by the responsible DOE authority.  The FHAs must be:

• Performed under the direction of an FPE;
• Reviewed every three years by an FPE and revised as appropriate;
• Revised when:
  • Changes to the facility structure or layout, processes, occupancy, safety basis documentation or BNA impacts the analysis in the FHA;
  • A modification to an associated facility or process adds a significant new fire safety risk; or,
  • The periodic (three-year) review identifies the need for changes;
• Integrated into safety basis documentation.

Most FHAs are performed on a 3-year cycle per the DOE Order. However, Building 6 is reviewed annually due to its high value and critical mission at Berkeley Lab.

Each FHA is conducted in conjunction with an FPA survey. When an FHA/FPA is conducted, Security and Emergency Services staff contacts the building manager and safety staff assigned to each building’s users. Before conducting the FHA/FPA survey, Security and Emergency Services will send out the previous survey for review along with a checklist that will be used during the walk-through. The checklist used during surveys can be found in Appendix D. This checklist can be used throughout the year to maintain a positive impact in overall fire prevention.

The scope of an FHA includes an evaluation of the following programmatic and physical features per DOE-STD-1066-2012, Fire Protection:

• Fire-detection and life-safety systems and equipment
• Fire-rated doors: Please refer to Work Process C.
• Storage of materials: Please refer to Work Process N.
• Hazardous materials: Please refer to Work Process G.
• Housekeeping: Storage of paper, books, cardboard, or packing materials; blockage of exit path to office or lab doors; storage of materials around electric panels; tripping hazards; blocking of air vents
• Fire protection of critical process equipment or programs
• Fire protection of high-value property
• Hazards of water runoff
• Facility fire-prevention planning documents (e.g., evacuation plan/fire wardens, extinguisher training)
• Emergency response capability, including fire apparatus accessibility to a facility
• Fire-barrier requirements and integrity
• Determines the potential for loss from fire
• Fire-safety training
• Potential toxic, biological, and or/radiological incident due to fire
• Status of previous findings and tracking until resolution
• A review of the input, assumptions, and compensatory measures of equivalencies and exemptions to determine their validity
• Fire and explosion hazards
• Applicable Codes and Standards

Fire Protection Assessment (FPA)

The principal objective of an FPA is “to aid in the improvement of the facility fire protection program.” This is accomplished through the identification and correction of deficiencies and the effective communication of lessons learned from the assessment.

Per DOE Order 420.1C, FPAs must be conducted:

• Annually, or at a frequency with appropriate justification approved by the DOE head of field element, for buildings with a replacement value in excess of $100 million, facilities considered a high hazard, or those in which vital programs are involved, as defined by the responsible DOE authority; and
• b) At least every three years, or at a frequency with appropriate justification approved by the DOE head of field element, for remaining low and ordinary hazard facilities.

Where FHA reports are also required, the affected buildings have combined FHA/FPA reports. At Berkeley Lab, most FPAs are performed on a 3-year cycle per the DOE Order. 

The same checklist is used for FPA and FHAs, which can be reviewed in Appendix D. It can also serve as a reminder and guide in between FPA walk-throughs. Similarly to FHAs, Security and Emergency Services will contact both the Building Manager and associated safety staff for all divisions occupying a building.

Per Section 7.2.3 of DOE-STD-1066-2012, the scope of an FPA includes an evaluation of the following programmatic and physical features:

• Life safety considerations;
• Fire protection of critical process equipment or programs;
• Fire protection of high-value property;
• Fire suppression equipment;
• Fire detection and alarm systems and equipment;
• Water runoff;
• Facility fire prevention planning documents (e.g. – evacuation plan, fire wardens, fire extinguisher training);
• Emergency response capability, including fire apparatus accessibility to a facility – fire department access is analyzed in each FPA but overall site-wide response is analyzed in the BNA;
• Completeness of FHA, or other documented assessment of fire hazards;
• Fire barrier requirements and integrity;
• Completeness of fire loss potential determination (i.e. MPFL);
• Fire safety training;
• Potential for toxic, biological and/or radiological incident due to fire;
• Status of previous Findings and tracking until resolution;
• A review of the input, assumptions, and compensatory measures of equivalencies and exemptions to determine their validity; fire and explosion hazards; and
• Applicable codes and standards.

More information on FHA/FPAs can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, FPA and FHA Administrative Procedures, 07.11.001.011, latest revision.

Work Process B. Equivalencies and Exemptions

There may be occasions when a specific work activity or facility requires a deviation from the established requirements. In those cases, organizations must request and obtain written authority to deviate from the requirements. This written approval can take two forms: 

Equivalency: An equivalency is an approved, alternate means of meeting the technical provisions of the applicable fire protection code or standard. This would include the DOE Order 420.1C and the California Building and Fire Codes. Request for an equivalency must be processed in accordance with the Berkeley Lab’s Fire Protection Program, Security and Emergency Services Division Equivalency Request procedure.

Exemption: An exemption is written authority to deviate from the minimum codes established in DOE Order 420.1C and the California State Fire and Building Codes as enforced at Berkeley Lab. Requests for fire protection exemptions must be processed in accordance with Berkeley Lab and DOE Order 420.1C requirements.

More information on exemptions can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, Exemption Request Process, 07.11.001.101.01, latest revision. Information on equivalencies can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, Equivalency Request Procedure, 07.11.001.101.02, latest revision.

Work Process C. Use of Fire Protection Equipment

Portable and fixed fire protection equipment is provided for operating and research areas. Fire protection equipment in operating areas consists of both fixed and portable items to detect fires, alert personnel, and suppress and minimize the spread of fire. Fixed equipment includes fire and smoke detectors, audible and visual alarms, fire doors, fire dampers, automatic sprinkler systems, and other automatic fire-suppression systems. Portable equipment consists of fire extinguishers, which are required and available in buildings, and any specialized equipment that a firefighting team may bring to an area.

Fixed fire protection equipment shall be designed, installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with the requirements of applicable Berkeley Lab specifications and standards, California Building and Fire Codes and all applicable NFPA Codes and Standards. Inspection, testing, and maintenance information is found in Security and Emergency Services Standard Operating Guidelines.

1. Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguisher training is required to work on projects where open flame, ignition source, or spark-creating devices are used, and is available through Security and Emergency Services. This training is monitored for completion through the WPC process of EHS.
 
Table 12-1 provides a summary of the recommended types of portable fire extinguishers. For guidance on selecting the proper fire extinguisher, contact Security and Emergency Services.

Table 12-1. Effective Fire Extinguishers for Burning Materials

Burning Materials	Extinguisher
Ordinary combustible materials, such as cellulose products, wood, paper, cloth, plastics, or rubber	Water, multipurpose dry chemical (Class A:B:C)
Flammable or combustible liquids, such as oils, gasoline, alcohol, and solvents	Clean agent or dry chemical (Class B:C or Class A:B:C)
Energized electrical equipment or wiring	Clean agent or dry chemical (Class B:C or Class A:B:C)
Water reactive: Burning magnesium, lithium, thorium, uranium, potassium, or sodium metals	G-1 powder (special graphite),  Met-L-X (sodium chloride), or Lith-X
Pyrophoric chemicals	Class D (for burning metals) with Class A:B:C nearby for other combustibles
Fires in cooking appliances involving combustible media (oils and fats)	Wet chemical (Class K)

Fire extinguishers are inspected monthly and serviced annually. Any used or damaged extinguishers should be reported to Security and Emergency Services. More information on fire extinguishers can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, Fire Extinguisher Maintenance, 07.11.001.103.01, latest revision.

2. Automatic Sprinklers

Most buildings at Berkeley Lab have automatic sprinkler systems. The sprinklers contain a heat-sensitive element that, upon being sufficiently heated, opens that sprinkler, starting water flow. This flow in the piping is detected by the fire alarm system, which transmits an alarm signal to the Alameda County Regional Emergency Communications Center (ACRECC). Popular belief perpetuated by television and movies holds that when one fire sprinkler head is activated, it triggers a building’s entire fire sprinkler system. Although there are fire sprinkler systems designed to operate this way, most systems at Berkeley Lab do not. In many cases, only one fire sprinkler will operate to control a fire.

When automatic fire sprinkler heads are installed less than 7 feet above the finished floor or are subjected to mechanical abuse, sprinkler guards shall be installed to prevent damage.

Heat inadvertently applied to a fire sprinkler head can activate the sprinkler without the presence of fire.

General safety precautions for fire sprinkler systems are:

• KEEP NORMAL HEAT SOURCES AWAY FROM SPRINKLERS.
• AVOID OBSTRUCTING SPRINKLERS AND ALTERING THE SPRINKLERS’ SPRAY PATTERNS. DO NOT PLACE MATERIAL OR FURNITURE NEAR SPRINKLERS.
• FOLLOWING NFPA 13, ALLOW CLEARANCE BELOW SPRINKLERS, TYPICALLY 18 INCHES.
• MAINTAIN A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 3 FEET (91 CM) AT ALL TIMES AROUND SPRINKLER SYSTEM CONTROL VALVES, TO ALLOW FOR FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS.

3. Fire and Life Safety Systems

All buildings at Berkeley Lab are equipped with a means of notifying the building occupants in the event of a fire. This typically uses a combination of audible fire alarm bells, horns, and speakers as well as visual strobes. These devices are activated by either an automatic detector or a manual pull box. In some cases, automatic detectors also activate automatic extinguishing systems. Some buildings may also be equipped with a Mass Notification System (MNS). The concept of an MNS is to provide building occupants with additional information in the event of an emergency. This may include voice notification of the event as well as scrolling textual messages. An MNS can also be used in non-fire emergencies as well.

The Alameda County Regional Emergency Communications Center (ACRECC) will dispatch firefighters to the scene when an alarm is activated.

Evacuation procedures for each building and operating area as well as personnel emergency actions for each building are published in the respective Building Emergency Plan. Upon activation of a fire alarm, personnel are expected to evacuate the building in accordance with the Building Emergency Plan. In approved instances, EHS and the Fire Marshal’s Office may approve the connection of toxic gas alarms, oxygen alarms, refrigerant leak alarms, etc., to the fire alarm system in strict compliance with NFPA 72: The National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.

4. Fire Doors and Dampers

Self-closing and automatic fire doors and dampers are located at strategic points within fire-rated wall assemblies. Automatic fire doors close and latch to block the spread of smoke and fire when automatic detectors are activated. A damper is a door in an air-handling system that closes to prevent smoke and/or fire from being spread throughout the system.

Fire doors must be tested and maintained in good repair at all times. Never block or otherwise prevent fire doors from functioning. Offices and work areas equipped with self-closing fire doors should remain closed. Doors may be held open if all of the following criteria are met:

• Self-closing office doors may only be left open when the offices are occupied. Doors must be closed when the occupants leave for an extended period of time (i.e., several meetings away, lunch hour, etc.) and when the office is vacated at the end of the workday.
• In the event of an alarm or emergency, or an office is left unattended, the door stop must be removed, and the self-closing office doors closed immediately.

Note: The doors listed below are not subject to the allowances above and must be kept closed at all times, unless provided with an approved, magnetic hold-open device connected to the fire alarm system:

1. Doors to stairwells
2. Doors to elevator lobbies
3. Doors to labs
4. Doors to hazardous materials areas

If you are unsure, fire doors may be identified by the label in the door jamb.

This policy is intended to maintain the effectiveness and proper operation of the fire-safety systems designed into Berkeley Lab buildings.

5. Fire Hydrants

The Facilities Division, in cooperation with the Fire Marshal’s Office and the fire suppression subcontractor, maintains the Berkeley Lab main site fire hydrants for emergency use. These must have unobstructed access and be in good working order at all times. Vehicles must not be parked within three feet of a fire hydrant in all directions. The Fire Department must not be deterred or hindered from gaining immediate access to fire-protection equipment or fire hydrants.

Fire hydrants are tested and inspected annually by the Facilities Division and the Fire Marshal’s Office per National Fire Protection Association and California Fire Code requirements. To use a fire hydrant on a temporary basis, obtain authorization in writing from the Fire Marshal’s Office.

Employees or contractors who have temporary authorization to use a fire hydrant must:

• Use only valve outlets designated by the Plumbing Shop.
• Use only proper hydrant wrenches to operate hydrants.
• Supervise the connections while in use, except at construction sites.
• Close hydrant valves one-eighth of a turn after fully opening. This small turn prevents the hydrant stem from locking in place when water is flowing.
• After use, the hydrant valve must be closed SLOWLY to prevent damage to the water main as a result of water hammer.
• Replace outlet caps after using the hydrant, and tighten these caps by hand.
• Report any problems with the fire hydrants to both Security and Emergency Services and Facilities.

Work Process D. Impairments to Fire Protection Equipment

Berkeley Lab, through its Facilities and Security and Emergency Services Divisions, provides a written system for the notification, identification, reporting, scheduling, tracking, and evaluation of impairments to the fire sprinkler systems, fire alarm systems, specialized fire protection systems, and egress systems.

Reporting of impairments is coordinated with the Inspection Testing and Maintenance (ITM) section of the Facilities Division, and the Impairment Coordinator within the Fire Marshal’s Office of the Security and Emergency Services Division.

Tracking of all work, inspection, and the return of fire and life safety systems to operational status is verified by the Impairment Coordinator, or designated representative.

More information on the Impairment process and procedures can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, Fire Protection Impairment Process for the Berkeley Lab, 07.11.001.009, latest revision.

Work Process E. Building Emergency Plan

The Fire Marshal’s Office collaborates with Building Managers, Building Safety Officers, Building Emergency Team members, the EHS Division, and the Facilities Division to develop Building Emergency Plans for each building owned or leased by Berkeley Lab. These are written in accordance with the requirements of the California Fire Code, NFPA Standards, and DOE requirements.

Work Process F. Hot Work Permits

Berkeley Lab’s Hot Work program reduces fire hazards by ensuring that any operation that produces flames, sparks, smoke, or heat has the proper controls in place before the hot work activity starts. Berkeley Lab’s Hot Work program shall be strictly followed for all hot work on Berkeley Lab property and buildings leased off site.

1. The following activities are addressed in NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work and require a hot work permit:

• Alterations of all types of metals through cutting, grinding, welding and brazing
• Heat treating
• Thawing pipe
• Powder-driven fasteners
• Hot riveting
• Torch cutting

Other activities that require a hot work permit include:

• All work activities that produce or use a flame, spark, smoke, or heat
• Torch-applied roofing in conjunction with the requirements of NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolitions Operations
• Barbecues and other flames used for cooking (e.g., Sterno®) (see Work Process I, Section 3)

2. Hot work permits are generally not required for:

• Electric soldering irons
• Design and installation of gas cutting equipment and welding equipment covered in NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes
• Smoking and smoking materials such as cigarette lighters (see Berkeley Lab’s Nonsmoking Policy for designated smoking areas)
• Seasonal decorations (see Work Process Q, Seasonal Decorations). Note: candles are restricted 
• Pyrotechnics, special effects, and similar unusual applications, which require a thorough ISM review via the Work Planning & Control authorization process, including review and approval by the Fire Marshal’s Office.

3. The following areas may be specified as a designated hot work area, which requires an initial inspection, and annual renewal inspections by the Fire Marshal’s Office:

• Permanent installations where hot work activities occur on a regular basis. This may include laboratories where open flames or other heat producing equipment is used
  • An open flame activity includes the use of a Bunsen burner and any device creating or using an open flame that is not contained within specifically designed scientific equipment
• Designated hot work area signs must be posted in the designated area

4. Hot work in designated areas require authorization via an activity in Work Planning and Control (WPC). The Fire Marshal’s Office will conduct an initial inspection of all designated areas, and will perform renewal inspections on an annual basis:

• Bunsen burners and small handheld torches require this authorization

5. Obtaining a Hot Work Activity Permit:

• For any type of hot work, send a request to hotwork@lbl.gov and include the date of the work or activity and a short description of the work to be done. Important: submit the request for an activity-based permit a minimum of one regular business day (24 hours) before the work is planned
• The request is reviewed by the Fire Marshal’s Office to determine if a permit is required, and if so, safety requirements are communicated. The Fire Marshal or designated representative then performs an inspection and issues a hot work permit
• For emergency hot work operations contact the Berkeley Lab Security Operations Center at extension x6999

6. Posting a Hot Work Permit:

• Activity-based hot work permits must be posted during the hot work activity near the area of work. If the activity spans several days, the Fire Marshal’s Office may inspect the work area to ensure all safety requirements are met

For more information, see the Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guideline (SOG) Hot Work Permits and Designated Areas, 07.11.001.108, latest revision.

Work Process G. Use of Combustibles

Note: Employees should note that Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene Safety Plan and multiple chapters within the Berkeley Lab ES&H Manual have specific requirements for combustibles depending on the process or research involved. Employees must be aware of these requirements in their work.

Combustible materials are divided into five types or classes, described in the following paragraphs:

1. Class A Combustibles

Class A combustibles include common combustible materials (e.g., wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and plastics) that can act as fuel and are found in nonspecialized operating areas (e.g., offices).

To handle Class A combustibles safely:

• Empty trash cans daily if possible.
• Accumulation of trash in plastic containers should be monitored so that it does not overflow. Employees are encouraged to request trash cans with lids if possible. Employees are highly encouraged to dump their own waste containers in dumpsters outside of buildings where custodial services are not provided. Metal wastebaskets that are emptied every day do not need to be covered.
• Use outdoor ash cans to extinguish smoking materials in designated smoking locations.
• Keep work areas clean and free of combustibles that could allow a fire to spread.
• Keep combustibles away from accidental ignition sources (e.g., hot plates, soldering irons, and other heat- or spark-producing devices).
• Store rags in metal bins with self-closing lids.
• Do not order excessive amounts of combustibles. An excess could increase fuel loads, cause housekeeping problems, and if not stored properly, become a fire hazard.
• Make frequent inspections to anticipate fires before they start.

The following fire-extinguishing agents are approved for Class A combustibles:

• Water
• Multipurpose dry chemical (ABC)

Please Note: Halon extinguishing agents are no longer approved for use at Berkeley Lab. The EHS Division and the Fire Marshal’s Office can assist researchers and scientists in identifying specialized clean agent fire extinguishing systems depending on the research and science involved.

2. Class B Combustibles

Class B combustibles include flammable and combustible liquids (e.g., solvents, oils, greases, tars, oil-based paints, and lacquers), flammable gases, and flammable aerosols, such as those found in spray cans. Employees should be familiar with the requirements of Chapter 7 Pressure Safety and Cryogenics and the Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan in the Berkeley Lab ES&H Manual. As used in this chapter, flammable liquids is meant to include combustible liquids, unless otherwise specified.

Technically, flammable and combustible liquids do not burn. They can, however, generate sufficient quantities of vapors to form ignitable vapor-air mixtures.

The flash point of a liquid is defined as the minimum temperature at which the liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near its surface or within the vessel used.

Generally, the lower the flash point of a liquid, the greater the liquid’s risk of fire and explosion. Many flammable and combustible liquids also pose health hazards, as discussed in the Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan.

Class B combustibles must be properly identified, labeled, handled, and stored. Contact the EHS Division and the Fire Marshal’s Office for assistance. Use of Class B combustibles requires compliance with the Berkeley Lab Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan at the Berkeley Lab.

• Use only approved containers, tanks, equipment, and apparatus for storage, handling, and use of Class B combustibles. See Appendix A, Maximum Sizes of Containers for Combustible and Flammable Liquids, for the maximum allowable sizes of containers. This table represents the requirements of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and is a requirement within the State of California and under DOE Orders. When a conflict in container sizes is identified between the Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan and nationally recognized Codes and Standards, contact EHS and Security and Emergency Services for guidance.
• Storage of flammable liquids within laboratories, research facilities, and manufacturing areas must be in Approved or Listed storage cabinets (California Fire Code Chapter 57 and NFPA 30). Storage of flammable liquids within laboratories or specifically designed flammable liquid storage rooms must be approved by EHS and the Fire Marshal’s Office.
• Containers of flammable liquids (e.g., squeeze bottles or similar volume secondary containers with closed lids or tops) may be maintained outside of flammable liquid storage cabinets while in use or when staged for use. Staging requires the use of secondary containment as specified in the Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan (Work Process K, Chemical Storage). Unless in use or staged for use, store flammable liquid containers in flammable liquid storage cabinets. Place all flammable liquid containers in flammable liquid storage cabinets when no longer needed. Limit the amount of flammable liquids staged for use to the smallest practical quantity.
• Label the contents of all containers accurately and conspicuously. Direct guidance for this requirement is located in Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety of the ES&H Manual.
• Class I flammable liquids shall not be dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected by contact or by means of a bonding wire. Either the tank or the container shall be grounded. This is to avoid the accumulation of static electricity. (See NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, for additional guidance.) Refer to the Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan Work Process N.11, “Transfer Operations ”, for specific guidance and requirements regarding transfers from one container to another, including bonding and grounding information.
• Store, handle, and use Class B combustibles only in approved locations (e.g., labs and other technical areas that have general or local exhaust ventilation that provide a minimum of six air changes per hour). Employees should be cognizant in preventing flammable vapors from reaching ignition sources (e.g., heating or electrical equipment, open flames, or mechanical or electrical sparks). Refer to the Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan Work Process N sections 7 and 8 for specific guidance and requirements regarding transfers from one container to another, including bonding and grounding information.
• Carefully control the use of flammable liquid as cleaning agents, limiting the quantities of liquid and providing adequate ventilation so that airborne vapors don’t pose a fire or inhalation hazard. (Exception: closed machines approved by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory for cleaning with flammable liquids.) 

Safety precautions for using Class B combustibles:

• DO NOT USE WATER TO EXTINGUISH CLASS B FIRES CAUSED BY FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. WATER CAN CAUSE BURNING LIQUID TO SPREAD, WORSENING THE FIRE.
• TO EXTINGUISH A FIRE CAUSED BY FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, ALL SOURCES OF   AIR MUST BE REMOVED SO AS TO SUFFOCATE THE FIRE. THIS USUALLY INVOLVES COVERING THE FIRE WITH A METAL COVER OR THE USE OF A FOAM, BLANKETING AGENT
• The following fire extinguishing agents are approved for Class B combustibles:
  • Multipurpose dry chemical (A:B:C rated)
• Do not use, handle, or store Class B combustibles within 36 inches (0.9 m) of exits in labs, unless the chemicals are used within approved fume hoods. Flammable and combustible liquids must not be stored in exit corridors, stairways, or any other areas used as a building emergency exit.
• Do not weld, cut, grind, or use spark- or flame-generating equipment near Class B combustibles.
• Do not generate heat, allow an open flame, or smoke near Class B combustibles.
• Know the location of and how to use the nearest portable fire extinguisher rated for Class B fire.

3. Class C Combustibles

Class C combustibles involve equipment that is energized via an electrical source, such as an electrical panel, switchgear, and information-technology equipment.

The following fire-extinguishing agents are approved for Class C combustibles:

• Carbon dioxide
• Approved Clean Agents such as FE-36, Halotron 1, FM200, Inergen, etc.
• Multipurpose dry chemical (A:B:C rated)

4. Class D Combustibles

Class D combustibles are combustible metals such as magnesium, thorium, potassium, or sodium metals. Pyrophorics are also classified as Class D combustibles. Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan of the ES&H Manual provides specific requirements for the use of pyrophorics at Berkeley Lab. Class D combustibles present special fire-safety and fire extinguishing challenges. For guidance on safely handling combustible metals and selecting proper extinguishing agents, contact the Health & Safety Department of the EHS Division.

5. Class K Combustibles

Class K combustibles are cooking media, such as vegetable or animal oils and fats. This class of combustibles requires extinguishing agents that are specifically listed and labeled for use on Class K fires. For guidance on selecting a proper extinguishing agent, contact the Fire Marshal, Security and Emergency Services.

Class K fire extinguishers are required within 30 feet of all cooking appliances. In addition to Class K extinguishers, a fire extinguisher with proper ABC rating must be provided for the other area hazards.

Work Process H. Hazardous Materials

The general use of hazardous materials is governed by the California Fire Code (CFC) Chapter 50; NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code; and DOE Standard 1066-2012. Hazard-specific Codes and Standards include 19 additional chapters in the CFC and various NFPA Codes. These additional hazards include but are not limited to: oxidizers, water reactives, pyrophorics, corrosives, toxics, and flammable and combustible liquids, etc.

Chapter 13 Gas Safety Program covers hazardous gases. For more information on hazardous liquids and solids, refer to the Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan.

1. Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQs)

Hazardous materials are allowed to be stored and used in Berkeley Lab buildings with certain restrictions in overall quantity. In addition to maximum container size, the various regulatory Codes and Standards allow for a “maximum allowable quantity” in a building or area not designed as a high-hazard Group H occupancy classification. Contact Security and Emergency Services for more information about occupancy classifications.

When the MAQ of a chemical is exceeded, the area is required to be reclassified as a Group H occupancy, which adds significant safety protection measures which may include fire-rated walls and doors, drainage/containment of chemicals in the case of spills, increased exhaust capabilities, explosion venting and control, specialized electrical equipment including emergency power, and increased fire sprinkler protection.

There are two major categories of hazardous materials:

• Physical Hazard  chemicals:
  • These are chemicals that present an exposure from fire and explosion. The subcategories and MAQs for the various physical-hazard chemicals can be seen in Appendix B.
• Health Hazard chemicals
  • These are chemicals that present an exposure from corrosive, toxic, or other health hazards. The subcategories and MAQs for health-hazard chemicals can be seen in Appendix C.

Increases to MAQ Limits

The overall limits of MAQs can be increased in certain cases, such as the storage or use of hazardous materials in exhausted enclosures, storage cabinets approved for hazardous materials, and fire sprinkler locations in buildings. Contact Security and Emergency Services and EHS for additional information.

2. Chemical Management System (CMS)

At Berkeley Lab, chemicals are tracked through the Chemical Management System (CMS). This system helps maintain an inventory of all chemicals and their overall quantities used at Berkeley Lab. The CMS allows EHS and Security and Emergency Services to evaluate MAQs for every on-site and off-site laboratory. Chemical users are required to enter their chemicals and usage into CMS prior to use. Additionally, after chemicals have been exhausted, they must be removed from CMS in order to ensure an accurate inventory. When users approach an MAQ limit, both the owner and EHS receive notification and can review appropriate steps necessary.

Please visit the CMS for more information.

3. Separation of Incompatible Materials

In order to prevent the hazards of incompatible materials reacting, separation must be maintained between various groups of hazardous materials. The safest measure to separate incompatible chemicals is to store them in appropriate hazardous-material cabinets, such as a flammable-material storage cabinet, or a corrosive-material storage cabinet. Flammable liquid cabinets are usually yellow or red, and corrosive material cabinets are usually blue. See examples below:

Typical incompatible chemical families or properties are listed below. For a greater list of incompatible chemicals, see Appendix E for a more detailed (though not all-inclusive) list:

• Solvents and corrosives
• Solvents and oxidizers
• Water reactives and water or cellulose products (wood, paper) that contain water
• Pyrophorics and air
• Acids and bases
• Ammonia gas and copper piping
• Most hydrocarbons and oxidizing agents (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, many chemicals ending with the suffix “oxide”))
• Sulfuric acid and most other substances
• Fluorine and all other chemicals

4. Oxidizing and Flammable Gases

These gases are addressed in more detail in Chapter 13 Gas Safety. Safety protocols for the sizes and separation of cylinders of these specific gases are also discussed below.

Separation of Cylinders

In accordance with NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code; and Chapter 13 Gas Safety, flammable and oxidizing gases must be separated by one of the following measures:

• A minimum of 20 feet
• A noncombustible barrier that extends a minimum of 18 inches above and in front of the cylinders, and must break the line-of-sight between the two cylinders

Maximum Size of Cylinders

Cylinders of flammable and oxidizing gases are limited to a maximum of 250 standard cubic feet (scf) by NFPA Chapter 55.

• In order to ensure fire safety in lab spaces, DO NOT ORDER cylinders in excess of 250 scf without specific approval by both the EHS Division and the Fire Marshal’s Office.

Work Process I. Use of Portable Heating Devices

Portable heating devices include portable electric space heaters, coffee pots, hot plates, and other such devices. Portable heating devices may only be used when there is no chance of injury or fire occurring from their use. This applies to both Berkeley Lab–provided and personally owned devices used within Berkeley Lab spaces on site and Berkeley Lab–leased spaces off site. Given the widespread use of portable space heaters at Berkeley Lab, detailed information regarding their safe and effective use is included below:

1. Portable Space Heaters

Only electric space heaters are allowed in Berkeley Lab buildings. Foot warmers and heating pads do not fall into the portable space heater category, therefore do not require 36 inches of clearance, however they are required to be Listed.

Space heaters using fuels (propane, kerosene, or solid fuel) are not allowed in operational buildings. On occasion, fuel-fired space heaters are allowed during base build construction of new buildings; however, they require special review and approval by the LBNL Fire Marshal’s Office and EHS Health & Safety Department. Contact the LBNL Fire Marshal’s Office and EHS for more information.

To ensure the safe use of portable electric space heaters, the following conditions are required:

Minimum Safety Features

• The heater must be the GROUNDED type (cord with three-prong plug) or double-insulated and must be listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL), such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or Electrical Testing Laboratories (ETL), and shall be marked (e.g., UL Listing Mark).
• The heater may have a maximum rating of 1500 watts, unless specifically approved by the LBNL Fire Marshal’s Office.
• Portable space heaters with tip-over automatic shut-off feature are recommended. 
• The heater should be kept clean and must not be covered with dust. Cords must be in good condition and must not be frayed.

Use

• Always read and follow the manufacturers’ operating instructions before operating the heater.
• Always TURN OFF the heater or UNPLUG it when you leave the office for an extended period (e.g., when you leave for a meeting, for lunch, and at the end of the day).
• Do not try to use a portable space heater to heat the entire suite or floor. Portable electric heaters are designed to be used as supplemental heat for a single room or small area. They should provide temporary heat only.
• If the heating requirement is permanent, or if you have found that multiple persons within your office suite or space are using electric portable space heaters to supplement the heat in the same area, please contact the Facilities Work Request Center at ext. 6274 to have the building’s heating system inspected and adjusted.
• If your space heater causes the circuit breaker to trip, please contact the Facilities Work Request Center at ext. 6274 to review the adequacy of the electrical circuit.
• For 24-hour operation (e.g., during construction or maintenance shutdown), obtain a permit by calling the LBNL Fire Marshal’s Office for the proposed operation. Post the permit conspicuously near the appliance.

Placement

• The heater shall be placed on a level and sturdy surface.
• Do not use a heater where flammable or explosive vapors, or dust, toxic, or radioactive materials, may be present.
• Do not place heaters near combustible materials such as papers, magazines, drapes, or office furniture. Follow manufacturer guidelines for placement of the heater. If no manufacturer guidelines are present, provide at least a 36-inch clearance from all sides, the top, and the back.
• Use of heaters in or near wet areas, such as locker/shower rooms, is prohibited.
• Do not place a heater in an exit where the cord can become a tripping hazard.
• Do not plug a heater into extension cords or plug strips. It should be plugged into a permanent wall outlet. If a new wall outlet is needed, contact the Facilities Work Request Center at ext. 6274 to have a wall outlet installed.
• Never run a power cord under the carpet or floor mat.

Should you have any questions or concerns, please contact the LBNL Fire Marshal’s Office or the Electrical Safety Officer.

2. Coffee Pots and Hot Plates

Use

• Always read and follow the manufacturers’ operating instructions before operating the device.
• The heating device shall be placed on a level and sturdy surface.
• Do not use a heating device where flammable or explosive vapors or dust, or toxic or radioactive materials, may be present.
• Always TURN OFF the heater or unplug the device when you leave the office for an extended period (i.e., when you leave for a meeting, lunch, and at the end of the day).
• Heating devices must be GROUNDED (i.e., must have a cord with a three-prong plug) or double-insulated and have the label of a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL).

Placement

• Do not place appliances on unstable surfaces or adjacent to readily combustible materials such as papers, wall hangings, etc. Follow manufacturer guidelines for placement of the heating device. If none are present, provide at least an 18-inch clearance between appliances and combustible materials.
• Use the original manufacturer’s cord to connect appliances directly to proper electrical outlets. Do not use extension cords in lieu of permanent wiring.

3. Barbecues and Other Flames Used for Cooking (e.g., Sterno)

Barbecues and associated food heating fuels are sources of ignition and require a hot work permit. Contact Security and Emergency Services any time a barbecue is to be used at Berkeley Lab. See Work Process F, Hot Work Permits, for more information.

4. Laboratory Portable Heating Equipment

• Use of portable heating devices with hazardous chemicals: constant attendance or over-temperature protection on the heating device is required for chemical-based operations if a risk of fire or explosion could develop from overheating. Explosion risks are not limited to only flammable and combustible liquids. An explosion risk could develop with certain other chemicals and systems due to over-pressurization if they are over-heated
• All new portable heating devices must be equipped with over-temperature protection in order to ensure maximum safety if the device is used unattended with chemicals posing a fire or explosion risk if overheated. If a new portable heating device with over-temperature protection is not available, please contact the appropriate Division Safety Coordinator and the Fire Marshal’s Office for guidance
• The following best practices are recommended to prevent an incident with a portable heating device:
  • Unplug when not in use
  • Test the “off” switch one time per month or when equipment is placed in service
  • Avoid unattended use with non-hazardous chemicals. (See 4a above for requirements when a portable heating device is used with hazardous chemicals)

Work Process J. Use of Mechanical Equipment and Fan Rooms

Mechanical equipment rooms house boilers, blowers, compressors, filters, and other electrical equipment. These rooms must be separated from other areas of a building by fire-resistant walls and doors.

Fan rooms house ventilation equipment (e.g., dampers and automatic shutdown equipment). This equipment is often interlocked with a building’s smoke and fire detectors.

Safety precautions for mechanical equipment spaces and fan rooms include:

• NEVER LEAVE FIRE DOORS OPEN IN A MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOM
• NEVER DISABLE FIRE DAMPERS OR OTHER AUTOMATIC SHUTDOWN EQUIPMENT WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE FIRE MARSHAL
• NEVER USE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOMS OR FAN ROOMS FOR STORAGE

Work Process K. Construction/Renovation

All work related to buildings and their infrastructures must be reviewed and approved by the Fire Marshal. Whether the work is prepared in-house by the Projects and Infrastructure Modernization Division, Facilities Division, or by outside Architects/Engineers, the design package, including drawings and specifications at various stages, must be submitted to the Fire Marshal’s Office. Upon Fire Protection Engineer (FPE) review, a written comment sheet along with marked up drawings and documents with the Fire Marshal’s review showing the review status will be returned to the appropriate Project Manager (PM) for action. Upon completion, the design must be approved by the Fire Marshal and other Berkeley Lab representatives, as defined in the Design and Construction Management Procedures Manual.

During project construction, the Office of the Fire Marshal inspects the project periodically for the method and materials of construction of the building as related to fire-and-life safety, fire detection, and fire suppression systems. The Office of the Fire Marshal generates a list of deficiencies and submits it to the PM for action. Upon construction completion, the Office of the Fire Marshal witnesses the testing and commissioning of the fire-and-life safety systems. Any deficiencies found during the test are identified to the PM in writing. Upon completion and verification of all deficiencies, the Fire Marshal will then issue final approval granting occupancy.

All construction projects will be required to provide fire- and emergency equipment access as well as a water supply for fire protection during construction.

Work Process L. Use of Emergency Lighting

The Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 101) and Chapter 10 of the California Fire and Building Codes require emergency lighting within facilities at the following areas:

• Exit corridors in any office-type building two or more stories above the level of exit discharge
• All exit aisles, corridors, and passageways of research and industrial facilities (e.g., laboratories, accelerators, and shops)
• Elevators, for a period of at least 4 hours (see the CCR Title 8, California Construction Safety Orders and the California Building Code).
• Any portion of the egress system considered to be part of the exit access, exit, and exit discharge in accordance with NFPA 101 and Chapter 10 of the California Fire and Building Codes.

Emergency lighting that is not required by the code may be installed in areas where egress would be hazardous during a power failure.

Two types of power sources for emergency lighting fixtures satisfy the code specifications:

• Battery powered
• Generator powered

Use only rechargeable batteries in battery-operated emergency lights. The battery rating must be sufficient to provide illumination for 90 minutes if normal lighting fails. When emergency lighting is provided by a generator, the delay must not be greater than 10 seconds if provided by an emergency generator or 60 seconds if provided by a standby power generator, in accordance with NFPA 110 “Standard for Emergency and Standby Power.”

Emergency lighting may come in several forms. In some areas, existing overhead lights are either on a standby power circuit, or they may have a battery ballast within the fixture. Other types of emergency lights are more conspicuous, such as the “bug eye” types shown below:

More information on inspection, testing, and maintenance of emergency lighting can be found in Facilities, Standard Operating Procedures, Emergency Lighting and Exit Sign Inspection, Testing and Maintenance, FPP-003, latest revision.

Work Process M. Use of Exit Signs

The California Fire Code, California Building Code, and the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 101) require that approved exit signs be provided in specific locations in buildings to designate the means of egress from the buildings. The codes specify the minimum size, graphics, power supply, visibility, and conditions for installing exit signs.

Often times, exit signs may include emergency lighting fixtures in the same appliance. These combination appliances may look like the ones below:

Requirements for exit signs:

• Must not be installed without the approval of the Fire Marshal, Fire Protection Engineer (FPE), or authorized representative.
• Must be installed at all required exit doorways and where necessary to indicate clearly the direction of egress. Access to exits must be marked by an exit sign when the exit or exit pathway is not immediately visible to the occupants.
• Must be installed where two or more exits are required from a room or area, except when main exterior doors are obvious and clearly identifiable as an exit (e.g., glass doors).
• Must be illuminated. (Report burned-out lights to the Facilities Division’s Work Request Center at ext. 6274.)

Doors, passages, or stairways that are not exits but could be mistaken as such must be identified by a posted sign on the door stating: NOT AN EXIT or NO EXIT.

More information on inspection, testing, and maintenance of emergency lighting can be found in Facilities, Standard Operating Procedures, Emergency Lighting and Exit Sign Inspection, Testing and Maintenance, FPP-003, latest revision.

Work Process N. Egress Path Markings

Egress path markings (e.g., arrows or stripping) on floors or walls may be necessary to clearly identify exit routes in certain Berkeley Lab facilities. Markings should be luminous or phosphorescent to be identifiable in case of power failure.

Work Process O. Exit Corridors

NFPA 101, Life Safety Code; the California Building Code; and California Fire Code require that buildings designed for human occupancy maintain unobstructed exits to facilitate prompt evacuation of building occupants and access for emergency personnel.

NEVER USE EXIT CORRIDORS FOR:

• PERMANENT STORAGE
• TEMPORARY STORAGE OF FURNITURE, EQUIPMENT, OR SUPPLIES
• STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLES, INCLUDING RECYCLABLE WASTE OR PAPER

Work Process P. Use of Lockers and Cabinets

In the past, installing metal lockers and cabinets in exit corridors was permitted as long as the lockers and cabinets complied with specific location rules, design characteristics, and storage limitations. These storage practices are no longer considered safe and are in violation of fire-and-life safety codes. The Facilities Division and Security and Emergency Services are implementing a phased plan to remove existing storage cabinets from exit corridors. To adhere to the new regulations, use the following guidelines:

Note: As the deficiencies below are identified, Building Managers, Safety Officers, and Building Emergency Team Members should contact Facilities and the Fire Marshal’s Office to coordinate the repair or removal of cabinets and lockers.

• Do not install new storage cabinets in exit corridors without approval from Security and Emergency Services.
• Remove cabinets that have not been properly maintained (e.g., doors that do not automatically return to the closed position, or cabinets that are not anchored to the wall).
• Do not store chemicals, flammable liquids, or combustible materials in stairways, exit corridors, or exit passageways.

Work Process Q. Use of Seasonal Decorations         

In observance of certain holidays, some Berkeley Lab facilities are temporarily decorated with trees and candles. The following precautions shall be taken to ensure safety.

1. Decorative Trees

• Do not place a natural cut tree in an assembly, health-care, or dormitory facility that does not have an approved, automatic fire sprinkler system.
• Do not place a tree where it will not obstruct corridors, exit ways, or other means of egress.
• Use only electrical lights that have been listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL), such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL).
• Do not use electrical lights on metal artificial trees.
• Do not use open flames, such as candles, on or near a tree.
• Do not locate a natural cut tree, such as a Christmas tree, near a heating vent or portable heating device that could dry out prematurely or ignite the tree.
• Cut off the bottom end of a natural tree trunk at an angle, at least 1 inch to 2 inches above the end, to help the tree absorb water. Place the tree in a suitable stand with adequate water. Check the water level daily.
• Immediately remove a tree from a building upon evidence of dryness.
• Disassemble and remove a tree and decorations before workers leave for extended holidays or vacation

2. Candles

• Where possible, avoid the use of candles. Never leave a burning candle unattended. Extinguish all candles before leaving a room.
• Keep candles away from items that can catch fire (e.g., papers, books, and 
  combustible holiday decorations). 
  Place candles in sturdy candleholders that will not tip over. Make sure the candleholders are made of noncombustible materials and are designed to protect the candle flame.
• Always place a burning candle on a heat-resistant surface. A candleholder can become hot and ignite or damage the surface on which it is placed.

Work Process R. Fire Protection Staff Development and Training

Fire and Life Safety, Fire Prevention staff and Systems Personnel receive required training on three year intervals as national and state codes are adopted or amended. Additional training is required for fire alarm and fire sprinkler system technology specific to the types installed at LBNL. More information on fire prevention personnel-specific training can be found in Security and Emergency Services, Standard Operating Guidelines, Fire Protection Systems Administrative Training Procedures, 07.11.001.004, latest revision.

Work Process S. Smoking

Smoking is strictly controlled at Berkeley Lab in order to reduce the potential for fires and ensure the overall health of Berkeley Lab employees. In accordance with the Berkeley Lab Nonsmoking Policy, smoking is only allowed in designated areas. The Failure to use designated smoking areas and approved ash containers has led to Fire Department callouts and building evacuations at Berkeley Lab. In order to prevent fires and false Fire Department callouts, Berkeley Lab personnel must follow the guidelines below:

• Only smoke in Designated Smoking Areas
• Dispose of cigarettes only in the ash urns provided at each Designated Smoking Area.
• If an ash urn is discovered to have smoldering cigarette remains (e.g., heavy smoke coming from the urn), call 911 from any Lab phone or cell phone to notify the Fire Department, and to have the Fire Department extinguish the fire.

Designated Smoking Areas

Designated Smoking Areas are shown here. Smoking is prohibited in any other location at the Berkeley Lab main site.

Signs are posted at each Designated Smoking Area on the Berkeley Lab main site to help employees and visitors locate the proper area. A Designated Smoking Area sign (as shown below) denotes these locations:

12.8 Source Requirements

• 10 CFR 851, Worker Health and Safety Program
• 29 CFR 1910, General Industry Safety Orders
• 29 CFR 1926, OSHA Construction Industry Standards
• DOE Order 420.1C, Facility Safety, Chapter II
• DOE Standard 1066, Fire Protection

Other Driving Requirements

• CAC, Title 24, Part 2, California Building Code
• National Fire Protection Association National Fire Codes and Standards
• CAC, Title 24, Part 9, California Fire Code
• CCR Title 8, California Construction Safety Orders

12.9 Related ES&H Manual Programs

• Chapter 24 EHS Training Program
• Chapter 9 Emergency Management 
• Chapter 20 Waste Management
• Chapter 7 Pressure Safety and Cryogenics 
• Chapter 10 Construction Safety 
• Chapter 8 Electrical Safety
• Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan
• Chapter 13 Gas Safety

12.10 References

• Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan of Berkeley Lab ES&H Manual, Chapter 45, latest edition
• National Fire Protection Association Codes and Standards, latest editions
• Department of Energy Orders and Standards, latest editions
• California Health & Safety Code, latest edition

12.11 Useful Links

Security settings may prevent hyperlink shortcuts from being accessed directly from this ES&H Manual program. Exact Web addresses are included below for copying and pasting into a browser.

• Chapter 45 Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan
• Berkeley Lab ES&H Manual: https://ehs.lbl.gov/pub3000
• Nonsmoking Policy in the Berkeley Lab Requirements and Policies Manual (RPM): https://commons.lbl.gov/display/rpm2/Nonsmoking+Policy
• Berkeley Lab Chemical Management System (CMS): https://cms.lbl.gov/jsp/general/features.jsp

12.12 Appendices

Appendix A. Maximum Sizes of Containers for Combustible and Flammable Liquids
Appendix B. Maximum Allowable Quantities — Indoor Storage of Physical Hazard Chemicals
Appendix C. Maximum Allowable Quantities — Indoor Storage of Health Hazard Chemicals
Appendix D. FHA/FPA Checklist
Appendix E. Examples of Incompatible Chemicals

Appendix A. Maximum Sizes of Containers for Combustible and Flammable Liquids^a

Container Typeb	Flammable Liquids			Combustible Liquids
	Class IAd	Class IBc	Class IC	Class II	Class III
Glass	1 pt	1 qt	1 gal	1 gal	5 gal
Metals (other than DOT drums) or approved plastic	1 gal	5 gal	5 gal	5 gal	5 gal
Safety cans	2 gal	5 gal	5 gal	5 gal	5 gal
Metal drums (DOT specifications)	60 gal (Labsd— 1 gal)	60 gal (Labsd— 5 gal)	60 gal (Labsd— 5 gal)	60 gal	60 gal
Approved portable tanks	660 gal	660 gal	660 gal	660 gal	660 gal

Notes:

a. Taken from NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.)  Definitions follow this NFPA 30 standard: Class I liquids are flammable, and Class II Class III liquids are combustible;  Class 1A liquids have a flash point (FP) below 73°F, and boiling point (BP) below 100°F; Class 1B – FP below 73°F, and BP at or above 100°F; Class 1C – FP at or above 73°F, but less than 100°F (BP not addressed); Class II – FP at or above 100°F, but below 140°F; Class III – FP at or above 140°F.

b. Container exemptions: medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other common consumer items, provided as such. 

c. Items have been packaged according to commonly accepted practices for retail sales. Class IA and Class IB liquids may be stored in glass containers (capacity ≤1 gal) if the required liquid purity (such as ACS analytical reagent grade or higher) would be affected by storage in metal containers, or if the liquid can cause excessive corrosion of the metal container.

d. Laboratories within the scope of NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals.

Appendix E. Examples of Incompatible Chemicals

This list is not intended to include all chemical incompatibilities; however, it may be used to provide general guidance of common chemical incompatibilities. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the manufacturer’s recommended safety precautions for any chemical being used.

Chemical	Incompatible With
Acetic acid	Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Acetylene	Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury acetone, concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures
Alkali and alkaline earth metals (aluminum, magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium)	Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens
Ammonia (anhydrous)	Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)
Ammonium nitrate	Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, finely divided organic combustible materials
Aniline	Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, arsenical materials, any reducing agent
Azides	Acids
Bromine	See “chlorine.”
Calcium oxide	Water
Carbon (activated)	Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents
Carbon tetrachloride	Sodium
Chlorates	Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Chromic acid	Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids
Chlorine	Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine
Chlorine dioxide	Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide
Cumene hydroperoxide	Acids (organic or inorganic)
Cyanides	Acids
Flammable liquids	Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens
Fluorine	All other chemicals
Hydrocarbons	Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide, hydrocyanic acid, nitric acid, alkali
Hydrofluoric acid	Ammonia
Hydrogen peroxide	Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible materials
Hydrogen sulfide	Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases
Hypochlorites	Acids, activated carbon
Iodine	Acetylene, ammonia, hydrogen
Mercury	Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia
Nitrates	Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid	Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, (concentrated) flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals
Nitrites	Acids
Nitroparaffins	Inorganic bases, amine
Oxalic acid	Silver, mercury
Oxygen	Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids, or gases
Perchloric acid	Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils
Peroxides, organic	Acids (organic or mineral). Avoid friction. Store cold
Phosphorous (white)	Air, oxygen, alkalies, reducing agents
Potassium	Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Potassium chlorate	Sulfuric and other acids
Potassium perchlorate	Sulfuric and other acids
Potassium	Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid, permanganate
Selenides	Reducing agents
Silver	Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid
Sodium	Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water sodium nitrite, ammonium nitrate, and other ammonium salts
Sodium peroxide	Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural
Sulfides	Acids
Sulfuric acid	Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals such as sodium, lithium)
Tellurides	Reducing agent

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